Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects the synovial lining of joints, causing chronic inflammation. The exact cause is unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors contribute to an abnormal immune response.

Common symptoms include persistent pain, swelling, prolonged morning stiffness, joint warmth, and limited movement. It typically affects both ankles symmetrically. Over time, joint deformities may develop.

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, blood tests (rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP, ESR, CRP), and imaging (X-rays, ultrasound, MRI). Treatment involves immunomodulating drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, physical therapy, and in advanced cases, surgical interventions to preserve joint function.

If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to irreversible joint damage, deformities, and loss of mobility. As a systemic disease, it can also affect other organs.