Metabolic bone disease leading to reduced bone mineral density. It can be age-related or due to hormonal, genetic, nutritional factors, or medication use.

Often asymptomatic until fractures occur, particularly of the spine, femur, and wrist.

Diagnosis is made using bone densitometry (DEXA), blood tests, and fracture risk assessment. Includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, physical exercise, hormonal therapy, or specific drugs (bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide).

Fragility fractures, vertebral deformities, height loss, and loss of independence.